How I can enter to base from globe without click a base?
You can't.
How I can equip soldiers without go to craft menu?
You can't. Currently active teams must be on aircraft. However if your base get attacked you'll get an oppotunity to equip your base defender soldiers.
How I can launch a craft without UFO around? For patrol purposes.
Enter The Base/Aircraft screen, and find the little blue "Start aircraft" icon.
What is a chaingun? I can build that from the beginning.
Autocannon? Same as above.
UGV?
UGV stands for Unmanned Ground Vehicle which are not yet fully implemented in the game. These are weapons for UGV. (Arent they the same(?))
How I can add extra slot weapon to missile launcher on base?
You can get extra slots by building more Missile defence buildings. You can have 4 at max on a base.
You need to buy weapon system which you can then equip on the slots by clicking on the building.
-geever