Well, I was wondering if I shouldn't have posted it in the bugs section, but you're right, it looks like it's more a system issue.
Anyway, I made some more tests, and it appears that it most likely has nothing to do with particles (I therefore removed the reference to particles in the thread title).
The message about particles doesn't appear in the other logs. In fact, no error message appears in them.
However, by playing over and over (and freezing over and over), I found what seems to be a common point between all the crashes : they all happen when I'm scrolling. At first I thought only mouse scrolling caused it, so I switched to using the numpad to scroll, but it happened as well (it seems to me that it happen less often, but I can't affirm it). It even happened once when I was rotating the view. Also, I don't know if this is related (probably), but sometimes short freezes happen during scroll.
I guess it's very probably a refreshing problem. I checked if my computer fulfilled the system requirements, and theoretically it does. I'm going to check if my graphic chipset (Radeon IGP 320m) is properly handled by Ubuntu, it's the best theory I have for now.